History įurther information: History of the Internet However, technological improvements allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have data rates of 2,488 Mbit/s or faster by the mid 2000s. In 1998, all of the United States' backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s. The data rates of backbone lines have increased over time. The real-time routing protocols and redundancy built into the backbone is also able to reroute traffic in case of a failure. Fiber-optics allow for fast data speeds and large bandwidth, they suffer relatively little attenuation, allowing them to cover long distances with few repeaters, and they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of electromagnetic interference which plague electrical transmission. Fiber-optic communication remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons. Optical fiber trunk lines consist of many fiber cables bundled to increase capacity, or bandwidth. The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies. Infrastructure Routing of prominent undersea cables that serve as the physical infrastructure of the Internet. The largest providers, known as Tier 1 networks, have such comprehensive networks that they do not purchase transit agreements from other providers. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance. The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements and instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic by privately negotiated interconnection agreements, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free peering. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, as well as the Internet exchange points and network access points, that exchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents, and across the oceans. The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. This is a small look at the backbone of the Internet. The Internet itself is the largest WAN since it encompasses all locations connected to the Internet.Vital infrastructure of the networks of the InternetĮach line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses. Access to WANs may be limited using authentication, firewalls, and other security measures. A company WAN, for example, may extend from the headquarters to other offices around the world. WANs are often comprised of multiple LANs that are connected over the Internet. WAN (Wide Area Network)Ī wide area network is not limited to a single area, but spans multiple locations. While this type of network is much more complex than a home network, it is still considered a LAN since it is limited to a specific location. It may also include multiple wireless access points and wireless repeaters that provide wireless access to the network. All devices connected to the router share the same network and often the same Internet connection.Ī larger network, such as the network of an educational institution, may be comprised of many switches, hubs, and Ethernet cables. For example, a computer may connect to the router via Ethernet, while smartphones and tablets connect to the router via Wi-Fi. A home network may have a single router that offers both wired and wireless connections. LAN (Local Area Network)Ī local area network is limited to a specific area, such as a home, office, or campus. Many types of networks exist, but they fall under two primary categories: LANs and WANs. While a traditional network is comprised of desktop computers, modern networks may include laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions, gaming consoles, smart appliances, and other electronics. It can be as small as two computers or as large as billions of devices. A network consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another.
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